bhachakra ko 12 barabar bhagon men banta gaya hai aur iska pratyek bhag ek rashi ka pratinidhitva karta hai. nirayan paddhati ke anusar 22 dantbi 285 ad ko chitra nakshatra se 180 degree 00’03” (lahiri's indian ephemeris of planets' positions for 2015 a d) par mesh rashi ki pratham bindu mana gaya tha. surya apni dainik ausat gati 10 se chalte hue, pratyek mah madhya men nayi rashi men pravesh, karte hain. yahi surya ka rashi pravesh surya sankranti kahlata hai. arthat, sal men barah sankranti hoti hain jaise mesh sankranti, vrishabh sankranti ityadi aur isi shrinkhla men dasven sthan par ati hai makar sankranti. hindu kailendar ka adhar chandrama ki sthiti se hai aur uske anusar ajakal makar sankranti ka parva paush mas men ata hai. is bat ki pushti panchang se ya kisi bhi hindu kailendar se asani se ki ja sakti hai. uttarayan ki paribhasha surya ke bhraman path ko do bhagon mane banta gaya hai jinhen kramshah uttarayan aur dakshinayan kahte hain.
uttarayan ki shuruat surya ke apne bhraman path par uttar ki or agrasar hone se hoti hai. isi uttarayan ki shubhta ka hamare shastron men bhi vyakhyan hai. jaise, shrimad bhagavadgita men uttarayan ko prakash marg bhi kaha gaya hai. prakash marg ko sansarik karyon ke liye shubh mana gaya hai. shrimad bhagavadgita ke adhyay ath shlok 26 men iska mahatva bhi varnit hai ki jis vyakti ke pran uttarayan ke shukla paksh men jate hain use moksh ki prapti hoti hai, arthat uski mrityulok men vapsi nahin hoti. apko mahabharat ka prasang to pata hi hai ki bhishm pitamah ko svechcha se pran tyagne ka vardan prapt tha. yuddh ke dauran mrityutulya avastha men ane ke pashchat bhi unhonne surya ke uttarayan men ane ki pratiksha ki thi jisse unhen moksh prapt ho sake. aiye, prakash marg ya uttar ki or agrasar hone ki paribhasha ko ham khagoliya drishtikon se dekhte hain. yah tathya sarvavidit evan nirvivadit hai ki basant sanpat 21/22 disambar ko hota hai (snipatapashe mchimaumtpe) aur is din ke dinman (suryoday se suryast ki avdhi) ki avdhi sabse choti hoti hai aur iske pashchat din barhte rahte hain.
khagoliya drishtikon se yah surya ki bhraman disha badlne se hota hai. arthat, surya ke apne bhraman path par uttar ki or agrasar hote hi din bade hone shuru ho jate hain. isiliye, is marg ka nam prakash marg hua hoga. prithvi ka bhraman path (jyotishiya bhasha men surya path) srishti ke arambh se yahi tha aur sadaiv yahi rahega. 4. uttarayan aur makar sankranti ke aranbhik binduon ki tulna vaidik hindu jyotish men ham nirayan paddhati ka anusaran karte hain. ismen, jaisa upar varnit hai, mesh ka pratham bindu chitra nakshatra ke viprit hai. is chitra nakshatra ke sapeksh sthir praranbhik bindu ko 22 dantbie 285 .k ko basant sampat par mana gaya tha aur jab surya ne 9 rashiyon ko bhogne ke pashchat makar men pravesh kiya to vah bindu makar ka pratham bindu tha aur vahi bindu epadajamat aivsejapabam bindu bhi tha. nirayan paddhati men is bat ki bhi pushti ho chuki hai ki yah mesh rashi bindu, chitra tare ke sapeksh to sthir hai, parantu jab prithvi ek sal ki surya parikrama karne ke pashchat punah usi sthan par ati hai to vah purva varsh ki tulna men 50.29” sekand pashchim ki or khisak jati hai.
is piche khiskne ko ayan kahte hain aur isi se aynansh ki ganna hoti hai. aynansh, nirayan paddhati men lagn evan grahon ke sahi bhogansh nikalne ke liye atyant mahatvapurn hai aur iske abhav men to kundli hi galat ban jayegi. iska arth yah hua ki 285 .k men jo mesh bindu tha vah purva varsh ki tulna men 50.29” piche jate-jate 1-shrand-2015 tak 240 04’05” pashchim ki or khisak chuka hai, iski pushti bhi ap kisi bhi machimaumtpe ya panchang se kar sakte hain. isse yah arth nikla ki samay ke sath-sath yah antar barhta hi rahega aur lagabhag (3600 - 240 )= 3360 = 1209600’’ » 50.29’’ = 24,000 ke pashchat punah makar bindu apni 285 .k vali sthiti par aega aur lagabhag 24000 varsh pahle bhi isi mesh bindu par raha hoga. agar hamen yah tathya manya hai ki nirayan paddhati men mesh bindu prati varsh, uprokt varnit gati ke anusar, khiskta hai to makar evan anya bindu bhi to svatah hi khisak jayenge, yah bat svayan hi siddh ho jati hai. arthat, surya ka bhraman path to sthir hai aur sthir hi rahega parantu rashi bindu prativarsh lagatar khisak rahe hain.
uttarayan aur makar sankranti bindu ek nahin hain uprokt paribhasha aur varnan se yah nishkarsh nikal raha hai ki surya ke makar rashi men pravesh se makar sankranti nirdharit hoti hai aur surya ke uttar ki or agrasar hone se uttarayan ki shuruat nirdharit hoti hai. 285 .k men ye donon bindu ek hi the aur isiliye tab se aj tak makar sankranti ke sath-sath uttarayan ka mahatva bhi jur gaya hai. samay ke sath-sath, vishuv ayan ke karan, in donon binduon men antar ata gaya. aiye, is nishkarsh ki pushti pauranik mahabharat se bhi karen. mahabharat yuddh aranbh ka din margashirsh mas ki amavasya (maharshi vedavyas ji dvara rachit, p. ramnarayan datt shastri dvara anuvadit, gita pres gorkhpur dvara prakashit mahabharat ke tritiya khand, adhyay 142, prishth 2421, shlok 16-17-18) tay kiya gaya tha. margashirsh mas ko ‘saumya’ mas mana jata tha kyonki is mas men pashuon ke liye ghas aur logon ke liye khane-pine ke padarth prachur matra men mil jate the. iske atirikt, sena ke avagaman men koi pareshani nahin hoti thi kyonki raste kichr-mukt hote the.
yuddh margashirsh ki amavasya se shuru hokar agar atharah din chala to paush ki shuruat men samapt hua hoga. bhishm pitamah yuddh ke dasven din ban-shayya par a gae the aur unhonne apna deh tyagne ke liye surya ke uttarayan hone ki kafi pratiksha ki thi (mahabharat khand 5, adhyay 47, prishth 4532, shlok 3). prachin samay se hi bhishm pitamah ke nirvan-divas ko bhishm ashtami ya magh shukla ashtami se manaya jata hai aur yah sabhi adhunik panchangon (shrivishvavijy-panchang 2015-16, prishth 125) men prakashit hoti hai. varsh 2015 men yah 27 janvri ko thi aur varsh 2016 yah 15 farvri ko hogi. uprokt tathyon ko agar samjhne ka prayas karen to yuddh shuru hua margashirsh ki amavasya ko, 10 ven din bhishm pitamah ban-shayya par aye yani margashirsh ke ant ke pas, yuddh samapt hua paush ke shuru men.
panchang ke anusar makar sankranti hoti hai paush mah men aur bhishm ne magh ki shukla ashtami ko pran tyage (ban-shayya par ane ke lagabhag 28 din pashchat). agar paush men hi makar sankranti hoti to bhishm ko magh shukla ashtami tak intajar karne ki kya avashyakta thi? iska ek hi arth hai us samay makar sankranti aur uttarayan bindu alg-alag the. jaise, ktapa chndbindah ke anusar varsh 1600 men makar sankranti 9 janvri ko thi, ajakal 14/15 janvri ko hoti hai aur varsh 2600 men 23 janvri ko hogi. arthat, makar sankranti bindu aur uttarayan bindu alg-alag hain aur inko ek dusre se jorna uchit ya tarkasangat nahin lagta. nishkarsh yah hai ki uttarayan se sambandhit shubh karyon ki shuruat uttarayan ke arambh se honi chahiye jo ki basant sanpat bindu hai aur makar sankranti se sambandhit karyon ki shuruat surya ke makar rashi men pravesh se.