prashna: malmas evan kshayamas kya hote hain? aise mas kab-kab ate hain aur inmen kya karna aur kya nahin karna chahie?
hamara vaidik sahitya anekanek vishyon ka athah sagar hai. ismen dharmik siddhanton ke sath-sath jyotish shastra ke anekon siddhant chamatkarik dhang se batae gae hain. surya siddhant ke anusar nau prakar ke kal man hote hain. brahm, dev, pitri (pitr), prajapatya (manu), barhaspatya (guru), saur, chandra, savan tatha nakshatra man. laukik vyavhar men saur, chandra, savan aur nakshatra kalman hi upyogi ban parte hain. barhaspatya kalman keval prabhvadi sanvatsaron ke shubhashubh fal men hi prayukt hota hai. saur varshon se yug tatha yugon se manu evan brabh ki ganna ki jati hai. ek yug = 4320000 varsh. ek yug men dharm ke das charan mane gae hain jinhen char bhagane men vibhakt kiya gaya hai.
1. satyug: ise krityug bhi kaha jata hai. ismen dharm ke char charan aur 1728000 varsh hote hain.
2. tretayug: ismen dharm ke tin charan aur 1296000 varsh hote hain.
3. dvapryug: ismen dharm ke do charan aur 864000 varsh hote hain.
4. kalyug: ismen dharm ka ek charan aur 432000 varsh hote hain. rigved men varsh ko barah chandramason men vibhakt (1 varsh = 12 mah = 360 din = 720 din-rat) karte hue pratyek tisre varsh chandra evan saur varsh ka samanvay karne ke lie ek adhik mas jora karte the.
surya sankranti, tithi-paksh evan nakshatra ke adhar par char prakar ke varsh mane gaye hain tatha char prakar ke hi mas lok vyavhar men prayukt kie jate hain. (pa) saur varsh evan mas: surya ka barah rashiyon ka bhogkal ek saur varsh kahlata hai. saur varsh ka man 365 din 15 ghati 31 pal 30 vipal hai, jo surya siddhant ke anusar hai. isi prakar surya ke nirayan rashi pravesh (ek surya sankranti se dusri surya sankranti) tak ki avdhi ko saur mas kaha jata hai.
(pap) chandra varsh evan mas: chaitra shukla pratipda se chaitra krishn amavasya tak ka kal ek chandra varsh kahlata hai, chandra varsh ka man 354 savan din hai. isi prakar purnima se purnima ya amavasya se amavasya tak ki avdhi ko shukla/krishn chandra mas kaha jata hai. ismen tithi kshay ya vriddhi ho sakti hai. chandra mas ka man 29 din 22 ghante tak ka ho sakta hai. (papp) savan varsh evan mas: ek suryoday se dusre suryoday tak 360 dinon ko milakar ek savan varsh banta hai.
savan varshaman 360 din hai. isi prakar ek suryoday se dusre suryoday tak ki 30 tithiyon ko milakar ek savan mas banta hai. is mas men kisi bhi prakar ki tithi kshay ya vriddhi nahin hoti hai. (pat) nakshatra varsh evan mas: chandra ko 27 nakshatron men barah bar ghumne ki avdhi ko nakshatra varsh kahte hain. iska man lagabhag 324 din hai. isi prakar chandra ka 27 nakshatron men pura ghumna hi nakshatra mas kahlata hai.
ismen isko 27 din 7 ghante, 43 minat, 8 sekand lagte hain. rigved men chandra mas aur saur varsh ki charcha kai sthanon par ayi hai, isse spasht siddh hota hai ki chandra aur saur samanvay karne ke lie adhik mas ki kalpana rigved kal se prachlit hai. jas chandra mas men spasht surya ki sankranti n ho vah adhik mas ya malmas kahlata hai. jis chandra mas men spasht surya ki do sankranti hoti ho to vah kshay mas ya mal mas kahlata hai.
pratyek varsh 16 disanbar se 14 janvri tak surya ke dhanu rashi men paribhraman se khar mas ya malmas hota hai. surya jab guru ki dhanu ya min rashi men hote hain to ye donane rashiyan unki malin rashiyan mani jati hai. varsh men do bar surya guru ki rashiyon ke sanpark men ate hain. pratham 16 disanbar se 15 janvri tatha 14 march se 13 aprail tak. shastron ke anusar surya ka guru men paribhraman shreshth nahin mana jata hai, kyonki guru men surya kamjor sthiti men mana jata hai.
sutra: saur varshaman 365 din 15 ghati 31 pal 30 vipal. chandra varshaman 354 din 22 ghati 1 pal 23 vipal in donon varshamanon men 10 din 53 ghati 30 pal 7 vipal ka antar prati varsh rahta hai. is antar ke samanjasya hetu har tisre varsh 1 adhik mas ki tatha 19 aur 141 varshon bad kshay chandra mas ki vyavastha ki gai hai.
inhin mason ko adhik mas v kshay mas arthat mal mas kaha jata hai tatha khar mas ko bhi malmas mana gaya hai. kshay mas keval kartik, margashirsh (agrahayn) evan paush mas (bhaskaracharya) men hi hota hai tatha usi varsh adhik mas bhi hota hai jo ki falgun se kartik ke madhya hota hai. panchangon men mason ki ganna chandra mas se v varsh ki ganna saur mas se ki jati hai. is karan lagabhag 10 din ka antar hota hai. tin varsh men jab yah antar ek chandra mas ke barabar ho jata hai to saur varsh men 13 chandra mas hote hain.
vah terhvan mas hi adhik mas, adhimas, malimluch, mal ya purushottam mas kahlata hai. saiddhantik rup se jis chandra mas men surya ki sankranti n ho vah adhik mas ya mal mas iske viprit yadi kisi ek chandra men do surya sankrantiyan par jayen to vah kshay mas ya malmas kahlata hai. isi prakar surya ke guru rashi men bhraman kal ko khar mas ya mal mas kahte hain. ‘‘siddhant shiromni’’ ke anusar kshay mas kartikadi tin mason men hi parta hai. jis varsh men kshay mas hota hai us varsh do adhimas bhi hote hain.
ye adhimas se tin mas pahle v bad men hote hain. prayah 19 varsh bad hi kshay mas sanbhavit hota hai. falgun, chaitra, vaishakh, jyeshth, asharh, bhadrapad aur ashvin mas adhik mas hote hain. kartik, margashirsh (aghn), paush kshay mas hote hain. kartik mas kshay v adhik mas donon hota hai. magh mas kshay ya adhik nahin hota hai. parantu kahin-kahin magh mas ko kshay mas men bhi mana gaya hai. in kshay, adhik ya khar mas arthat mas ke bhi svami hote hain. puranon ke anusar varsh, mas, ayan, ritu paksh, var evan tithi sabke apne-apne gun hai evan unke svami hain, jinke chalte ve pujya hain, lekin malmas hi anath nindniya, ravi sankrantihin evan tyajya kyon hua? is par bhagvan shrikrishn bole, he arjun, yah malmas duahkhit hokar meri sharan men aya tha aur apni vyatha kah sunai. tab maine is mas ka svamitva svayan le liya aur ise purushottam mas kaha jane laga. yah mas itna pavan hai
ki iske mahatmya ki katha svayan bhagvan vishnu ne devarshi narad ko apne shrimukh se sunai thi. adhik mas men tyajya karya: adhimas men agnyadhan, devapratishtha, yagya, dan, vrat, devavrat, vrishotsarg, churakaran, yagyaopvit sanskar, mangalyakarm, abhishek, tuladimhadan, prathmdevadarshan, bavli, kup, taragadi pratishtha, yagyadikarm, aur prathmtirthasnan tyajya hain. adhik mas men katrtavya karma: adhimas men nityakarm, grahnshantyadi nimittaka- naimittik snanadi karm, dvitiyavar ka tirth snan, gajachchayayognimittak shraddha-pretasnan, garbhadhan, rinadi men bardhuvshikritya, dashgatrapindadan evan shraddh karna chahie. adhik mas ka fal: jyeshth, bhadrapad aur ashvin ke adhimas ashubh fal pradata hain. shesh mason ke adhimas shubh fal pradayak hain.
kshay mas men tyajya karya: vivah, yagya aur utsav tatha manglkarya tyajya hain. jis varsh do adhimas hote hain us varsh kartikadi tray mas men kshay mas hota hai. ye tinon sabhi manglik karyon ke lie tyajya hain. dharmashastra men bhi vedanukul adhimas aur kshay mas ke nam hain.
tinon mangal karyon ke liye nindya hain. kuch vachan is prakar hain: barhaspatye: yasmin mase n sankrantiah sankranti dvaymev va .. asansparshautu tau mase laptamasashch ninditah.. vashishtha: vapikuptragadi pratishtha yagya karm ch. n kuryanmalamase tu sansarpahaspatauttha.. krityashiromnau: vastutastu yadvarshe kshayakhyamasastatra purvaprmdhimasadvayan tat tritympi-sarvakarm vahiskritam. kisi ne kshayamasavarshiya adhimas ko bhanulanghit kaha hai, parantu vah bhi mangal karya men tyajya hai yatha- chura maunjibandhan ch agnyadheyan mahalayam. rajyabhishekan kamya ch no kuryanbhanulanghite.. bhimprakrame: adhimase din-pati dhanushirbau bhanulanghite masi. chakrinisupte kuryanno mangalyan vivahashch.. kashyap: masaunyunadhikau tautu sarvakarmavahiskritau. kanya sthit surya men malmas ho to tulark men hi dev-pitri sanbandhi karm karna chahie. jaise pitamah ka vachan hai
- masikanyagte bhanursankranto bhavedyadi. daiv paitrayan tada karm tularkekarturakshayam.. apvad vachnon ka vichar: ek varsh men do adhimas hone par pratham adhimas prakrit arthat svabhavik hai, jo pratyek tritiya varsh men hota hai. dusra malimluch hai. kshayamas se purva jo adhimas hota hai vah ganitagat hai. yah jyotish siddhant se siddh hai jaise- kshayamasatpurvakale'gre chamasatrayavdhi. adhimasadvay tatra syadadyo ganitagtah kuch nibandhkaron ne prakrit ka arth ‘‘shuddha’’ liya hai jo jyotish ganit ke viruddh hai.
bhimprakram men likha hai- ‘‘ekatramasadvitay yadisyad varshe'dhikan tatra paro'dhimasah’’ iski vyakhya men vahan likha hai ki asankrantmasyormadhye purvasya karmanyatvan prati prasauti n tu vriddhin nishedhti’’ isse spasht hota hai ki kshay masiya varsh men do adhimas avashya hote hain. purvadhimas ka sasarp hai atah sasarp men jo karya tyajya honge ve usmen nahin kie jaenge lekin samanya adhimas ke tyajya karm ismen ho sakte hain. kshayamas ka fal: jis varsh ka kshay mas hota hai us varsh vigrah ya durbhiksh ya pira athva kshatrabhang hota hai.
margashirsh (agrahayn) men durbhiksh evan vigrah, paush men kshatrabhang evan rogadhikya aur magh men mahadam, anek durghatana, upaj ki kami, anek utpat evan logon ka kshay hota hai.
kharmas: is mas ko bhi malmas kaha jata hai. samast manglik karya tyajya hain. vivah, yagyaopvit, karn chedan, grih pravesh, vastu puja, kuan-bavri utkhanan ityadi tyajya hain. jab tak prithvi par jivan hai tab tak sabhi prakar ke malmason samast manglik karyon ka nishedh rahna tay hai. malmas men bhagvan ka bhajan, vrat, dan-dharm shreshth mana gaya hai. malmas men dan ki vishesh mahima hai. yah mana jata hai ki is mas men die gae dan ke bhokta aur faldata bhagvan vishnu svayan hain.
malmas ke dauran gangadi pavitra nadiyon men snan aur tirthatan bhi punyadayi hai. is sanpurn mas men bhagvan vishnu ka vandan karna chahie. bhagavat katha, ramayan ka shravan shreyaskar hai. pipal vriksh ke niche baithakar apne aradhya ka dhyan karna chahie. is mas men nishkam bhav se kiya gaya karm janma-janmantar ka kalyan karta hai. shastron men pratah 3 se 6 tak brahmamuhurt mana gaya hai aur is samay devta bhi pavitra nadiyon men malmas men snan karne ate hain.
sare devta prithvi ki or adhogaman karte hain aur islie munh andhere subah in nadiyon ke snan se devtaon ka sakshatkar kiya ja sakta hai aur unki kripa pai ja sakti hai. mana jata hai ki devta bhi manushya rup men avtar lene ko tarste hain kyonki manushya bhakti dvara bhagvan ki kripa prapt kar sakta hai aur is lie devta bhi prithvi par ane ko tarste hain. malmas unhen prithvi par punyadayini salila men snan ka suavasar pradan karta hai.
malmas/ kshayamas men kya karen aur kya n karen
1. pratyek malmas ka agaman 32. 913 mas yani lagabhag 33 mah ke uprant hota hai.
2. malmas ke 33 hi devta hote hain jo ki nimn prakar mane jate hain: (11 rudra $ 12 aditya $ 8 vas $1 prajapti $ 1 vastukar) = 33 - is mas ko bhagvan vishnu ka priya mas mana jata hai.
- is mas men bhagavat bhajan, vrat, dan adi ka bara mahatva hai.
- pure varsh ke kie gaye shubh karm aur ek malmas men kie shubh karm barabar mane gae hain.
- is mal mas men sansar ke bhautik sukhon men rache base apne man v indriyon ko samet kar bhagvan ke charnon men lagana chahie jiske lie kuch sthul niyam banae gae hain. ye niyam mote taur par to samanya pratit hote hain lekin inke prabhav bahut hi sukshm hote hain.
1. snan: pure malmas men ‘‘brahm muhurta’’ men snan karna chahie arthat suryoday se derh ghanta pahle snan karna chahie.
not: jal ka jo bhi sulabh srot upalabdh ho jaise ki nadi, sarovar, kup, nal adi uske jal se snan karen. koi stri yadi is mas men brahm muhurt men jal men snan karti hai to use purn saubhagya ki prapti hoti hai.
- yadi stri garbhavati hai to uske garbh ki raksha ka dayitva svayan vishnu bhagvan uthate hain aur ane vale pratyek kasht se uske garbhasth shishu ki raksha karte hain jaise abhimanyu ke garbhasth shishu ki ki thi.
2. prabhu bhakti v dharmik granthon ka pathn/pathana/shravan bhi is mah men karne se punya ki prapti hoti hai.
- shrimad bhagavad gita aur shrimad bhagavat puran ka path karna v shravan karna sarvottam v sarvafal prad mana gaya hai.
- brahm mahurt men jagakar bhagvan vishnu aur maha lakshmi ka pujan ati hitkari fal pradan karta hai.
-tamsik vastuon, tamsik kriya kalapon v tamsik vicharon ko puri tarah tyag karna chahie jaise ki mans, madira v sanbhog adi ka tyag karna chahie.
- yadi rajsik jivan jite hane to is pure mas men satvik jivan v satvik vicharon ko apnane ka prayas sachche man se karen.
- is mah shadi (vivah), naya vyavsay ya naya makan aranbh karna, naya makan, vahan adi kharidne ke vicharon ko kam se kam ek mah tak sthagit kar dena chahie.
iska jyotishiya karan yah hai ki malmas men grahon ka prabhav samanya se alag rahta hai yani hamare shubh grah bhi hamare rajsik v tamsik kriya-kalapon ka samarthan nahin karte hain. arthat malmas men is sansar ke bhautik sukhon ki prapti ke piche n bhagen kyonki abhisht ki prapti karne ke prayas kabhi-kabhi anuchit marg apnane ke lie badhya karte hain.
islie in anuchit margon ka anugaman is malmas men puri tarah tyajya hai. yah mas adhyatmik utthan ke lie jatak ke man men bijaropan ka avasar pradan karta hai. vrat: vrat (upvas) ek aisi vidhi hai jiske madhyam se jatak apne aur parmatma ke bich ki duri ko ghata kar us parmatma ke nikat nivas kar sakta hai (up$vas = upvas).
- malmas ke panch vrat kie jane ka vidhan hai. - purnima
- amavasya
- shukla paksh v krishn paksh donon ki ekadshi tatha - jis din chandrama ka gochar shravan nakshatra men ho in panch din vrat karne ka vidhan hai.
- vrat men unhin niyamon ka palan kiya jata hai jo niyam samanya chandra mas ke vraton men apnae jate hain. alag se koi aur niyam nahin hota hai.
‘‘shraddh aur malmas’’ - jinke kisi purvaj ka nidhan yadi malmas men hua ho to us purvaj ka shraddh malmas men kie jane ka vidhan bhi hai.
- lekin yah shraddh usi mas ke dauran kiya jata hai jis mas men nidhan hua ho n ki kisi bhi malmas men. mana yadi kisi ke kisi purvaj ka nidhan malmas (ashvin) men hua ho to jab bhi ashvin mah men malmas parega tab hi shraddh kiya ja sakta hai.