shraddh ke dvara shraddhakatrta ke pita, pitamah adi pitron ka narak se uddhar ho jata hai. pitron ki bhakti se manushya ko pushti, ayu, virya aur lakshmi ki prapti hoti hai. shraddh karne vale manushya ka kul kabhi dukh men nahin parta. jo vidhivat apne pitrijnon ke lie shraddh karta hai vah putra sarvajan shreshthata, saubhagya, samriddhi, pramukhta, manglik rakshata, abhisht kamna purti, vanijya men labh, nirogta, yash, shaukarahitya, parmgti, dhan, vidya vaksiddhi, patra, go, aj, bher, ashva aur dirghayu prapt kar antkal men moksh labh prapt karta hai. pitron ka shraddh karne se bhog evan moksh ki prapti hoti hai. samyanusar shraddh karne se kul men koi dukhi nahin rahta. pitron ki puja karke manushya ayu, putra, yash, svarg, kirti, pushti, bal, shri, pashu, sukh aur dhan-dhanya prapt karta hai. dev karya se bhi pitrikarya ka vishesh mahatva hai. devtaon se pahle pitrane ko prasann karna adhik kalyankari hai. pitron ki ek saubhagyavti kanya thi. us sundari ka nam ‘pivri’’ tha. shukdevji ne unhen apni patni banaya. us kanya se char putra utpann huye. krishn - gauraprabh - bhuri - devashrut aur kirti nam ki ek kanya hui. pitar brahmaji ki sabha men gaye.
brahmaji ko dukhi hokar akele rahne ki bat batai tab brahmaji ne parmsundri mansi kanya prakat ki. ye bhagvti ‘‘svadha’’ brahmaji ki mansi kanya hain. brahmaji ne pitron ko santusht karne ke lie patni rup men unhen saunp diya. pitar sada inki puja karte hain. inhin ki kripa se shraddhon ka fal milta hai. tumhen shraddh v adhishthatri devi kaha gaya hai. tumhari hi kripa se shraddh aur tarpan adi ke fal milte hain. shraddh ka prachalan kab hua: ‘‘prachin kal men brahmaji se maharshi atri ki utpatti hui. ve bare pratapi rishi the. unke vansh men bhagvan dattatrey ka janm hua. dattatrey ke putra nimi hue jo bare alsi the. nimi ke bhi ek putra hua jinka nam tha shriman. vah bara sundar tha. usne ek hajar varshon tak bari kathor tapasya karke ant men kal-dharm ke adhin hokar pran tyag diye. maharshi nimi ko putra shok ke karan bara santap hua to unhonne shastra vidhi ke anusar ashauch nivaran ki sari kriya ki. fir shraddh ke lie shastron men jo fal-mul aur ann adi bhojya padarth bataye gae hain tatha unmen se jo-jo padarth unke putra ko priya the un sabka vichar karke unhonne sangrah kiya. is prakar shraddh karne ke pashchat muni shreshth nimi ko bara pashchattap hone laga.
atah man hi man bahu santapt hokar ve sochne lage muniyane ne jo karya pahle kabhi nahin kiya use manaine hi kyon kar dala? mere is manmane bat ko dekhakar brahman log mujhe apne shap se avashya bhasm kar dalenge. yah bat dhyan men ate hi unhonne apne vansh pravartak maharshi atri ka smaran kiya. nimi ke dhyan karte hi tapodhan atri ka smaran kiya. nimi ke dhyan karte hi tapodhan atri vahan a pahunche. ane par jab unhonne nimi ko putra shok se dukhi dekha to madhur vani ke dvara unhen santvana dete hue kaha - tumne jo yah shraddh kiya hai isse daro mat. sabse pahle svayan brahmaji ne is dharm ka gyan prapt kiya hai aur ve hi uske pravartak bhi hain, unhin ke dvara vihit dharm ka tumne anushthan kiya hai. brahmaji ke siva dusra kaun shraddha-vidhi updesh kar sakta hai. is prakar pahle nimi ne shraddh ka aranbh kiya uske bad sabhi maharshi unki dekha-dekhi shastra vidhi ke anusar shraddh karne lage. gaya tirth men shraddh ka mahatva gayasur ko bhagvan vishnu ne gada se mara. atah gadadhar bhagvan vishnu hi gaya tirth muktidata mane gaye hain. bhagvan vishnu ne is tirth ki maryada sthapit ki. jo manushya yahan yagya-shraddha-pinddan evan snan karm karta hai vah svarg athva brahmalok men jata hai.
gaya men khir-sattu-ata-chaval adi se bhi pind dan kiya jata hai. gaya men jo pitron ka lok hai vahan sakshat bhagvan vishnu virajman hain. varshabhar men ek paksh gaya shraddh ke lie pratishthit hai. jo manushya pashu ya chor dvara mare jate hain, jinki mrityu sarp ke katne se hoti hai ve sabhi gaya ke punya se unmukt hokar svarg chale jate hain. gaya yatra ke lie matra ghar se chalne vale ek-ek kadam pitron ke svargarohan ke lie ek-ek sirhi bante jate hain. gaya tirth men din tatha rat (pratyek samy) men kabhi bhi shraddh kiya ja sakta hai. shraddhakarta snan karke shvet vastra dharan kare. dakshin disha ki or brahman ka munh karvakar bhojan karvayen. jis shraddh men rasoi karte samay kalah hota hai vah shraddh bhi safal nahin hota. shraddhakarta shraddh ke ek din pahle brahmanon ko nimantrit kare. brahmachari ko nimantrit karne se vishesh fal hota hai. shraddh men uchcharit pitrane ke nam tatha gotra hi us dan diye gaye ann ko le jate hain. shraddhon ki kul sankhya solah hai. ‘‘shraddh ka samay a gaya hai’’ aisa janakar pitron ko prasannata hoti hai. ve paraspar aisa vichar karke us shraddh men tivragti se a pahunchte hain. antrikshagami ve pitrigan us shraddh men brahmanon ke sath hi bhojan karte hain. ve vayurup men vahan ate hain aur bhojan karke parmgti ko prapt ho jate hain.
shraddh ke purva jin brahmanon ko nimantrit kiya jata hai pitrigan unhin ke sharir men pravisht hokar vahan bhojan karte hain aur uske bad ve punah vahan se apne lok ko chale jate hain. shraddhakal men yamraj pret tatha pitron ko yamlok se mrityulok ke lie mukt kar dete hain. pitrigan amavasya ke din vayurup men ghar ke darvaje par upasthit rahte hain aur apne svajnon se shraddh ki abhilasha karte hain. jab tak suryast nahin ho jata tab tak ve vahin bhukh-pyas se vyakul hokar khare rahte hain. suryast ho jane ke pashchat ve nirash hokar dukhit man se apne vanshjon ki ninda karte hain aur lanbi-lanbi sans khinchte hue apne-apne lokon ko chale jate hain. atah prayatnapurvak amavasya ke din shraddh avashya karna chahie. shraddhakarta ko chahie ki vah shraddh men mitra brahman ko nimantrit n kare. shraddh aur yagya men bhojan to use hi karana chahie jo shatru ya mitra n hokar madhyasth ho. jo log ek dusre ke yahan shraddh men bhojan karke paraspar dakshina dete aur lete hain unki vah dan-dakshina pishach dakshina kahlati hai. vah n devtaon ko milti hai n pitrane ko. yadi matrishraddh men brahmani ka abhav ho to shreshth parivar men utpann hui pati putra se sanpann saubhagyavti striyon ko shraddh men nimantrit kiya ja sakta hai.
jab tak kanya rashi par surya rahte hain tab tak pitar apni santanon dvara kiye hue shraddh ki pratiksha karte hain. uske bhi bit jane par kuch pitar tula rashi ke surya tak pare kartik mas men apne vanshjane dvara kiye jane vale shraddh ki rah dekhte hain. jab surya dev vrishchik rashi men chale jate hain tab ve pitar din evan nirash hokar apne sthan par laut jate hain. is prakar pure do mas tak bhukh-pyas se vyakul pitar vayu rup men akar ghar ke darvaje par khare rahte hain atah jab tak kanya aur tula par surya rahte hain tab tak tatha amavasya ke din sada pitron ke lie shraddh karna chahie. visheshtah til aur jal ki anjli deni chahie. kanya rashi aur tula rashi men shraddh n ho to amavasya ko avashya karen vah bhi n ho to ek bar gayaji men jakar shraddh kar den jisse nitya shraddh ka fal prapt hota hai. bhagvan surya jab hast nakshatra evan kanya rashi par sthit hon tab ashvin krishnapaksh men mahalay kal bataya gaya hai. us samay pitron ke lie jo kuch diya jata hai vah sab akshay hota hai. jis rashi par surya ke sthit rahte samay brahman, kshatriya aur vaishya ki mrityu ho jati hai usi rashi men mrityu tithi ko pitrikarm karna chahie. akash aur dakshin disha pitron ke sthan hain.
magha nakshatra pitron ka hai atah vah pitron ko adhik priti pradan karne vala hai. us nakshatra men putron dvara diya hua shraddh ka dan pitron ko vishesh tript karta hai. shraddh bhojan men varjit padarth mas ur-sa ai nf-lahas un-gajr-pyaj - muli -hing - anvla-lauki-kala namk-kala jira-singhara- jamun ke fal- ninbu-urd-shalgm-lal rang ki vastuen shraddh karm men nahin honi chahie. bhains ka dudh shraddh karm men kam men n laen. khir gay ke dudh se banaen. in vastuon ke sanpark se shraddh vyarth ho jata hai. shraddh bhojan men shreshth (uttama) padartha: anar-kela-kamal -sugandhit ful-shvet rang ke pushp -til-chavl-jau-mung-gehun-matar -sarson-in sabka shraddh men hona achcha hai. jo ratri ke samay laya gaya ho vah jal shraddh ke yogya nahin hota. untni ka, bher ka, mrigi ka tatha bhains ka dudh shraddhakarm men kam men n len. brahmaji ke utpann kiye huye kuch devta hi pitrane ke nam se prasiddh hain unhen ‘‘ushnapa’’ bhi kahte hain. rajasvala stri ko shraddh bhumi men n upasthit hone den. dusre kul ki stri ko shraddh ka bhojan taiyar karne men n lagayane. prithvi par manushya jin-jin vastuon ka dan karta hai ve sabhi vastuen yamlok tatha us mahapath men uske samne upasthit rahti hain.
yamlok aur mrityulok ke madhya chiyasi hajar yojan ki duri hai. prani ki mrityutithi par pratimas shraddh karna chahie. jiska dah nahin hua hai uske lie shraddh nahin karna chahie. jab bahut se putra hane aur dhan ka bantvara ho gaya hai to sabhi putron ko alg-alag shraddh karna chahie. yadi kisi prani ki mrityutithi aur prasthan kal ka din smaran nahin hai to usi mas ki amavasya tithi ko us prani ka shraddh karen. jab mritak ke prasthan ka bhi din aur mas gyat n ho to jis din evan mas men mrityu ki bat suni gai ho use hi shraddh ke lie upyukt man len. tarpan karte samay pita-pitamah adi ke nam ka uchcharan karen. kisi nadi ke kinare pahunchne par pitron ka pinddan aur tarpan avashya karna chahie. b rahmaji-p ulastya-vashishtha-p ulah angira-ritu aur maharshi kashyap ye sat rishi mahan yogeshvar aur pitar mane gaye hain. pitron ke lie dakshinabhimukh hokar ann den. shraddh ke din tatha sabhi parvon ke din buddhiman purushon ko stri sanbhog nahin karna chahie. vidvan purush ko amavasya ke din avashya shraddh karna chahie. uttam karmon dvara uparjit dhan se pitron ka shraddh karna uchit hai. shraddh karm men jo mantrakal aur vidhi adi ki truti rah jati hai uski purti paryapt dakshina dene se hoti hai.
atah vidvan purush ko dakshina rahit shraddh kadapi nahin karna chahie. jo shraddha-bhojan, shraddh dan karke kalah karta hai, vah us sanpurn shraddh ko vyarth kar deta hai. pitron ki tripti ke lie til ki avashyakta hoti hai. b rahmana-m ntra-k ush-agni-t ulsi-y e bar-bar prayog hone par bhi basi nahin hote. jyotish ka ek yog hota hai jab krishn trayodshi ke din chandrama magha nakshatra men aur surya hast nakshatra men ho. yah yog shraddh ke lie achcha mana jata hai. shraddhakal men sharir-d ravya-stri-bh umi-man-m ntra tatha brahman in sat vastuon ki shuddhi par vishesh dhyan dena chahie. devakarm men brahman ki pariksha n karane kintu shraddhakarm men yatn purvak brahman ki pariksha karen. uttaramukh hokar devtaon ka aur dakshinmukh hokar pitron ka karya karna chahie. brahman ko satyug, kshatriya ko treta, vaishya ko dvapar aur shudra ko kaliyug mana gaya hai. vidvan purush shukla paksh ke purvahn aur krishn paksh ke aprahn men shraddh karen. svayan putra hi akar shraddh ke patron ko uthaye. chandra grahan ke siva aur kabhi ratri men shraddh n karen. chandragrahan ka darshan hone par shighra sarvasva lagakar bhi ratri men shraddh karen. grahan ke samay shraddh n karne vala kasht pata hai aur jo shraddh karta hai vah apne pap se usi prakar tar jata hai jaise jahaj samudra ke par hota hai.
shraddh ke din kashth se datun nahin karni chahie. jahan tulsi van ki chaya deti hai vahin pitro ko tripti ke lie shraddh karna chahie. jo manushya anvle ki chaya men baithakar pinddan karta hai uske pitar bhagvan vishnu ke prasad se moksh ko prapt hote hain. sone-chandi aur tanbe ke patra pitron ke patra kahe jate hain. shraddh men chandi ki charcha aur darshan bhi rakshason ka vinash karne vala-yashodayak tatha pitron ko tarne vala hota hai. jo bhojan ke samay batchit karta hai uske khaye hue ann ko pitar grahan nahin karte. stri shraddh ke patra ko n hataye. atmaghat karne vale praniyon ka shraddh n karayane. kutpkal men shraddh karen. (12 sayan se 3 sayan) ke bich men kutpkal hota hai. pitron ko til vishesh priya hai. shraddh men gay ka dudh aur ghi uttam mana gaya hai. shraddhakarta sabke ant men maun bhav se bhojan kare. shraddh karne vale ko us din tel lagana mana hai. shraddh men ane vale brahman ka munh bhojan karte samay dakshin disha ki or ho. pitrane ki ‘‘svadha’’ patni thi. devtaon ke lie vastu dan men ‘‘svaha’’ aur pitrane ke lie ‘‘svadha’’ shabd ka uchcharan shreshth mana hai. svadha-svadha tin bar smaran karen to shraddh tarpan ka fal manushya ko mil jata hai. yah shraddh ki adhishthatri devi hain.
dauhitra (larki ka larka) kutpkal (din ka anthva muhurta) aur til-ye tin tatha chandi ka dan aur uski charcha tatha kirtana-darshan adi (athva bhagvtktha kirtan adi) karna ye sab shraddhakal men pavitra mane gaye hain. shraddhakarta ke lie krodh-marga-gaman aur utavalapan ye tin batane varjit hanai. pitrigan ka adhar chandrama hai aur chandrama ka adhar yog hai islie shraddh men yogijan ko niyukt karna ati uttam hai. brahmanon ko shraddhapurvak garma-garm bhojan karana chahie. brahmanon ke patron men chupchap ann parosakar sankalp karna chahie. svayan putra hi akar pita ke shraddh ke patron ko uthaye. shraddh samapt hone par brahman ko ek chandi ka sikka yathasanbhav aur safed til aur kale til ka dan den. dan dete samay apka apna munh dakshin disha ki taraf hona chahie aur dan dete samay svadha shabd ka tin bar uchcharan karna hai. yadi basi anna-tel ka bana hua padarth athva kesh adi se dushit bhojan parosa jay to vah shraddh bhi vyarth ho jata hai. jis shraddh men rasoi taiyar karte samay kalah hota hai vah shraddh bhi safal nahin hota.
shraddh ke bhojan ko rajasvala stri dekh leti hai to vah vyarth ho jata hai. amavasya ko to vishesh rup se shraddh karne ka adesh diya gaya hai. amavasya pratyek dharmakarya ke lie akshayafal dene vali batai gai hai. shraddhakarm men to iska vishesh mahatva hai. shraddh se pitron ko ek varsh tak tripti bani rahti hai. shraddh ki samapti hone par brahmanon se ashirvad lena chahie. isse dirghayu ki prapti hoti hai. putra vo hai jo pitrane ko tar de. sansar men putra vahi kahlata hai jo pita ka uddhar kare. pitron ki tripti chahne vale purush ko pita ka shraddh avashya karna chahie. atma hi putra ka nam hai. vahi putra yamlok men pita ka rakshak hota hai. ghor narak se vahi pita ka uddhar karta hai islie ise putra kaha jata hai. atah putra ko pita ke lie shraddh karna chahie. is prakar yah shastra ki uttam vidhi batayi gayi hai. mare hue manushya apne vanshjon dvara pinddan pakar pretatva ke kasht se chutkara pa jate hain.
uprokt vivaran aur lekh magadarshan in puranon se liye gaye hain:-
1. narad puran
2. skand puran
3. garur puran
4. sankshipt shrimaddevibhagavat puran
5. mahabhart