devmurtiyon ka nirman karte samay yah gyan hona ati avashyak hai ki jis shila se ham devmurti ka nirman karne ja rahe hain vah shubh hai athva ashubh tatha devta athva devi ke nirman yogya shila ka kya lakshan hai? is gyan pipasa ki tripti devta murti prakaran ka adhyayan karne se hoti hai. yah lekh shila pariksha evan pratima praman se sanbandhit hai.
sutradhar mandan ke anusar jati bhed se tin prakar ki shila hoti hain -
1. punshila
2. strishila
3. napunskshila
1. punshila: ‘ekavarna ghana snigdha mulagradarjavanvita. ajghantarvaghosha sa punshila prakirtita..’
2. strishila: ‘sthulmula krishagra ya kansyatalasamadhvaniah.’
3. napunskshila: ‘krishmula'grasthula shila shandheti niahsvana.’
sutradhar mandan ka yah vivechan ‘mayamatam’ se atyadhik prabhavit hai. athva yah bhi kaha ja sakta hai ki is varnan ka adhar mayamatam hi hai. mayamatam men purush jati ki shila ke lakshan men ‘ajaghantarv’ ke sthan par ‘gajaghantarv’ ka prayog kiya gaya hai. ghantarav arthat hathi ki pith par latkte hue ghante jaisi shabd vali. mayamatam v devtamurti prakaran men kanse ke ghante jaise avaj vali shila ko stri jati ki shila kaha gaya hai jabki agnipuran men ukt dhvani vali shila purushjati ki shila kahi gayi hai. yatha - ‘kansyaghantaninada syatpulinga visfulingka’. mayamatam men strishila ka ullekh is prakar hai- ‘sthulmula krishagra ya kansyatalasamadhvaniah’ yahan bhi spasht hai ki mayamatam aur sutradhar mandan ke strishila lakshan men akriti evan dhvani donon men hi samanta hai. ‘mansar adhyayn’ men bhi jati bhed se tinon hi prakar ki shilaon ka varnan milta hai.
akriti bhed ki drishti se dekha jaye to mansar adhyayan ke matanusar bhi saman akar vali punshila tatha mul men sthul tatha agrabhag men krish strishila kahlati hai. kintu napunsak shila ke vishay men kuch matbhed hai. sutradhar mandan ke anusar to mul men krish aur agra men sthul shila napunsak hoti hai jab ki mansar adhyayan ke mat men mul aur madhya men sthul tatha agra bhag men krish napunsak shila hoti hai - ‘sthulagran ch krishan madhyan sthulan napunskan shila.’ mansar adhyayan men samanya lakshan ki drishti se samchors-punshila, gol strishila tatha atyadhik gol ya bahushakha vali napunskshila kahi gayi hai yatha - ‘chaturasran punshila proktan vrittan syad vanitashila. bahudha chagrashrrinragan syannapunskan tamudahritam.. kashyapshilp men bhi prakarantar se isi mat ki pushti ki gai hai - chaturasra ch vasvasra strishileti prakirtita. aytasra ch vritta ch dash- dvadash konka.. punshila sa shila khyata suvritta sa napunska.
mansar adhyayan men ratn ke baratan jaisi avaj vali purushshila kahi gai hai. jabki sutradharmandan ke anusar bakri ke gale men bandhi ghanti jaisi dhvani vali punshila hoti hai. strishila evan napunskshila ka dhvani lakshan donon men saman hai. mansar adhyayan men dhvani ke adhar par shilaon ko vibhinn namon se sanbodhit kiya gaya hai. ‘taladhvanininadan syachchila valli prakirtita. mahishadhvanisanyukta shila vriksha prakirtita.. purvoktarth dhvaninadan bavna ch shila bhaved.’ isi prakar kashyap shilp (a. 49) mayamatam (a. 33) aur agni puran men shila bala, yauvna v vriddha ke nam se abhihit hai. jati bhed ke adhar par hi sutradhar mandan ne shilaon ka karyabhed bhi kiya hai arthat pulling, striling evan napunskling ki shila ke bhinna-bhinn karya hain. sutradhar ke anusar punshila ka karya is prakar hai: ‘lingani pratimamishran kuryat punshilya budhah.’ arthat shivling evan devon ki murtiyon ka nirman purush jati ki shila se karna chahie. ling tin prakar ke hote hain -nishkal, sakal aur mishra jaisa ki mayamatam men kaha gaya hai- nishkalan saklan mishran lingashcheti tridha matam. nishkalan lingmityuktan saklan bermuchyate..
mukhlingtya mishran linganychakritisannibhaiah. bimbamurtiah sharirabha vishvamurtisvarupkaiah.. mayamatam ke matanusar trividh lingon ka nirman punshila se karna upyukt hai. ‘saklan nishkalan mishran kuryad punshilya sudhiah’ mandan ne bhi ‘lingani’ se trividh lind.on ki or hi sanket kiya hai. jabki kashyapshilp men trividh lingon ka namollekh n karte hue keval ‘punshilabhiah kritan lingam’ itna hi kaha gaya hai. mandan matanusar devimurti ke nirman men stri jati ki shila ka prayog kiya jana chahie. ‘yunjiyat strishinla samyak pithika-shaktimutrtayah’ pithika ka tatparya gauri pith se hai kashyapshilp men kaha gaya hai ki pitharth strishila ka grahan shreshth hota hai. mayamatam ke anusar bhi devi ki murtiyon ke nirman hetu stri jati ki shila hi upyukt hoti hai. yatha- ‘yunjiyat stri shila samyak nari beranch pindika.’ spashtatah sutradhar ne bhi prakarant se isi mat ko pusht kiya hai. sutradhar ne napunsak jati ki shila ki upyogita ka varnan is prakar kiya hai- shandhoplen katrtavyan brahmakurmashile tatha. prasadtlkundadi karm kuryad vichakshanah.. pratima ke niche sthapniya shila padshila kahlati hai.
iske do bhed hai - brahmashila aur kurmashila. matsyapuran men iska vivechan is prakar hai- adhah kurmashila prokta sada brahmashiladhika. uparyavasthita tasya brahmabhagadhika shila.. arthat mandir ke garbhagrih ke khanan muhurt ke samay sthapit ki jane vali kurm chinh yukt shila kurmashila kahlati hai tatha is shila ke upar rakhi jane vali shila brahmashila kahlati hai. atah brahmakurmashila tatha prasadtlkundadi ka nirman napunskshila se karna chahie. mayamatam ka bhi yahi mat hai. yatha- ‘shandhoplen katrtavyan brahmakurmashile tatha. nandyavatrtashile vapi katrtavya ten cha''tmana.. prasadtlkudyadi karm kuryad vichakshanah.’ yahan spasht hai ki sutradhar mandan aur mayamatam ke mat men hi nahin apitu shlokon men bhi atyadhik samanta hai. saranshtah purush jati ki shila se dev murtiyon ka strishila se devi ki murtiyon ka tatha napunsak jati ki shila se prasadtlkudyadi ka nirman karna chahie. devmurtiyon ka nirman karte samay bhumi par sthit shila ki disha sthiti par dhyan dena parmavashyak hota hai. arthat nirmankal ke samay yah vicharniya hai ki shila ka agra bhag evan mul bhag kis disha men hai.
iske adhar par hi murti ke mukh, pair evan anya angon ka nirman kiya jata hai. is vishay men adhikansh shilp shastrakaron ka mat hai ki shila ka agra bhag purva ya uttar men tatha mul bhag dakshin ya pashchim men hota hai tatha bhumi par sthit shila niche mukh karke ulti soti hai. shila ke niche ke bhag ka mukh aur upar ke bhag ka shir banana chahie. sutradharmandan ke anusar shila purva aur pashchim ki or lanbi ho to uska pashchim ki or agra bhag manakar shir banana chahie tatha yadi shila uttar aur dakshin ki or lanbi ho to dakshin ki or shir banana chahie. yatha- prak pashchaddakshine saumye sthita bhumau tuya shila. pratimayaah shirastasyaah kuryat pashchimadakshine.. mansar adhyayan men yah vishay vistrit evan spasht rup se ullikhit hai yahan shila ka agrabhag purva aur uttar disha men svikar kiya gaya hai, tatha shila ki disha sthiti ke adhar par ang nirman ka bhi varnan hai jiske anusar yadi shila ka agra bhag purva disha men ho to uska dahina ang dakshin men tatha vamang uttar disha ki or banana chahie. uttar disha ki or agra bhag vali shila ka dahina ang purva disha men aur banyan ang pashchim disha men hota hai.
shila ki kon sthiti ke vishay men mansar adhyayan ka mat hai ki yadi shila ishan aur nairritya kon men ho to uska agra bhag ishan kon men evan mul bhag nairritya kon men hota hai. mansar adhyayan ke anusar punling shila disha ki or tatha napunsak jati ki shila kone ki or lanbi hoti hai. mayamatam men bhi purva aur uttar men shila ka agra bhag tatha dakshin v pashchim men mul mana gaya hai yatha - ‘mukhmuddharane'dhon'shmudhrvabhagan shiro viduah.. shilamulvakpratyagudagran pragudagdishi. agramudhrvamdhomulan pashanasya sthitasya tu, nairityeshandeshagra bahvyagra vahrivayuga..’ mayamatam ke anusar agra udhrvabhag aur mul adhobhag kahlata hai. mansar adhyayan men agnikon aur vayukon men shila ka agra v mul nahin mana hai jabki mayamatam men agnikon men shila ka agrabhag aur vayu kon men mul bhag mana gaya hai. kashyapshilp tatha shilparatn men bhi purva aur uttar ko shila ka agra bhag tatha dakshin v pashchim men mul bhag mana hai. yatha ‘pragagran chodagagran va shila sangrahya deshikah. pragagre pashchiman mulmudagagran tu dakshine.. adho bhagan mukhan khyatan prishthamudhrvagtan bhavet.’
shilparatn men ullakhit ‘purvottarashiroyukta ghantanadasfulingavat’ is shlokansh se vishesh rup se yah vidit hota hai ki shila ke agrabhag ki or murti ka shir evan mul bhag ki or pair banane chahie. uparyukt vivaran se gyat hota hai ki prayah sabhi shilpashastrakaron ne purva aur uttar disha men shila ka agra bhag aur pashchim v dakshin men mul bhag svikar kiya hai jab ki sutradhar mandan ne pashchim aur dakshin men agra bhag shir banana upyukt mana hai tatha sutradhar ne shila ki kon sthiti ke vishay men bhi koi mat prakat nahin kiya hai. pratima nirman yogya shubhashubh shila ke vishay men sutradhar mandan ka nimn mat hai- ‘nivida nivrrana mridvi sugandha madhura shila. sarvarcha lingpitheshu shreshtha kantiyuta ch ya.. arthat drirh, ched ya bindu rahit, komal, sugandh vali madhur tatha kanti yukt shila sabhi jati ki pratima, shivling aur pithika ke lie shreshth ya shubh hoti hai. yahan nivrrana ka tatparya ‘fore ke akriti vali bindu se rahit shila se hai’ kashyapshilp men trividh binduon ka varnan hai yatha- ‘krishnalohnibhakara krishnabhramarasannibha. shikhipichchasamakara trividha bindurev hi.. arthat kale lohe ke sadrish, kale bhaunre ke saman aur mor ke pankh tulya tin prakar ki bindu hoti hain.
ataev yah bhi kaha ja sakta hai ki lohe, bhaure tatha mayur pankh ke saman svarup vali bindu se rahit shila shreshth hoti hai. sutradhar ne sugandha shila ko shreshth batlaya hai sugandha arthat svabhavik sugandh se yukt n ki kritrim sugandh vali kashyapshilp men varnit nindit ya tyajya shila ka vishesh ashay spasht hua hai. jiske anusar varsha, dhup evan agni se utpann gandh durgandh hoti hai n ki sugandh atah kashyapshilp men varsha, dhup aur agni ke gandh vali tatha khare jal se vyapt shila ko nindit shila kaha gaya hai. is adhar par varsha, dhup aur agni ki gandh se rahit svabhavik sugandh vali shila hi shreshth hogi. yatha - varshatpagnigandhan×ch sukirna ksharvarina’ mayamatam men bala yauvna evan vriddha sangyak shila ke lakshanon ka vivechan hai inmen se chikni, sugandhvali, shital, komal aur tejasvi shila yauvna nam se abhihit hai tatha yahi shila siddhidatri evan shreshth kahi gayi hai. dhyatavya hai ki devtamurti prakaran evan mayamatam donon men shreshth shila ka lakshan saman hai. pratishthasar ke ‘kathina shitla snigdha susvada dridha tatha.’ sugandhatyantatejaska manogya chottama shila..’ is shlok se bhi ukt lakshanon valishila hi shreshth siddh hoti hai.
varn ke adhar par shubh ya grahya shila ke vishay men vastuvid mandan ka mat hai ki kabutar, kumudpushp, bhramar, urad, mung aur krishnavarn vali, pit ghi ke varn ki tatha shvet kamal ke saman varn vali shila sabhi devtaon ki pratima banane hetu grahya hoti hai. vasunandikritapratishthasar ke anusar uparyukt varnon ke atirikt lal, hare, kameri tatha manjith ke varn vali shila bhi kalyankari hoti hai. pratishthasar men varnit hai ki brahman, kshatriyadi ke varn kramanusar bhinna-bhinn varn vali shila ki pratima shubh hoti hai yatha-‘shveta rakta pita krishna vipradinan hita sada.’ arthat brahman varn ke lie shvet, kshatriya ke lie lal, vaishya ke lie pit (pili) aur shudra ke lie krishn varn vali pratima hitaprad hoti hai. kashyap shilp men bhi pratishtha sarokt rangon vali shila hi brahmanadi ke lie uttam kahi gayi hai. yatha- ‘shveta rakta ch pita ch krishna chaiv chaturvidha.’ tatha kramanusar brahmanadi varn ki upyogita ke vishay men kaha gaya hai ki -‘shveta rakta ch pita ch vipradinan kramad bhavet’ yahi mat agnipuran ka bhi hai. jaisa ki kaha gaya hai -‘pandara hyaruna pita krishna shasta tu varninam.
agrahyashila ke vishay men sutradhar ne likha hai ki vishesh malin tatha suvarn kansa lohadi dhatu ke saman varn (rang) ke chinh vali aur anya dusre prakar ke chinh vali pratima tyajya hai. mayamatam ke ‘rekhabinduklankadhya sa tyajya sarvayatnatah’ is shlokansh se bhi devtamurtiprakaran ka yah kathan pusht hota hai. prakarantar se yahi mat kashyap shilp men bhi ukt hai- ‘rekhabinduklankadisanyukta parivarjayet’ kuch granthon men chinh ka parihar bhi varnit hai is sandarbh men acharya dinakar evan pratishthasar men likha hai ki pratima ke pashan men yadi apne hi varn ke rang ki rekha ya dag ho to dosh nahin hota hai. agnipuran ke anusar shila men yadi safed rekha ho to vah uttam hoti hai aur agar kali rekha ho to uska narsinh mantra ke havan se parihar ho jata hai. mansar adhyayan men safed rekha ke sath hi suvarn rang ki rekha ko bhi shubh batlaya gaya hai kintu yahan krishn varn yukt rekha ya chinh vali shila ka tyag varnit hai. yatha - ‘sarveshan varnapashane krishnarekhan visarjayet. shvetan ch svarnarekhan ch sarvasanpatkaran shubham.. yadyapi pashan ya kashth men kisi prakar ka chinh ya rekha ashubh hoti hai kintu kuch chinh aise bhi hain jo pashan ya kashth men shubh hote hain shilp ratn men likha hai ki nadyavart, sheshnag, ghora, shrivats, kachua, shankh, svastik, hathi, gau, nandi, indra, chandra, surya, chatra, mala, dhvaja, shivling, toran, harin, mandir, kamal, vajra ya shivjta ke saman rekha ya chinh shubh hote hain. pratima nirman hetu uttam shila ko shubh din, shubh nakshatra aur achche shakun men prasannachitt hokar grahan karni chahie.