brahmand evan saur mandal acharya avinash sinh jyotish vedon ka abhinn ang hai jiski sanpurn v sahi jankari hetu khagoliya avdharnon ka gyan hona ati avashyak hai. jyotish ko tin skandhon men banta gaya hai- siddhant, sanhita v hora. pratham skandh siddhant ganit jyotish hai jo khagoliya avdharnaon par adharit hai. ye khagoliya avdharnaen kya hain isi ka varnan is dharavahik lekh men prastut hai. brahmand: khagol shastra vah shastra hai jismen brahmand men sthit pindon ka adhyayan kiya jata hai. brahmand ki utpatti kaise hui yah ek rahasya hi hai. lekin fir bhi manyata yah hai ki lagabhag derh kharab varsh purva ek maha visfot se iski utpatti hui. brahmand men kai akash gangaen hain jin men asankhyan sitare v grah pind hain. arthat akash gangaen agnit sitaron aur grah pindon ki punj hain. har sitare ka apna ek mandal hai aur har mandal saur mandal kahlata hai. sabhi sitare evan grah pind gatishil hai. yah gatishilta gurutvakarshan ke karan hoti hai. saur mandl: surya saur mandal ka kendra hai aur surya ke irda-gird grah pind parikrama karte hain. ise surya ka parivar bhi kaha jata hai. isi tarah khagol ki har akash ganga men anginat sitaron ke apne saur mandal hanai. surya to svayan prakashvan hai. lekin grah pindon ka prakash nahin hota. ye sabhi grah surya ke prakash se hi prakashit hote hain. surya ke charon or ye grah apni-apni kaksha men parikrama (bhramn) karte hain. hamare saur mandal men surya ke irda-gird bhraman karne vale pramukh nau grah hain. kuch grahon ke prakritik upagrah bhi hain jo in grahon ke charon or parikrama karte hain. iske atirikt saur-mandal ke anya sadasyon men kshudra grah ya laghu grah ya esteraeyad, ulka-pind, ghumketu aur saur andhiyan hai. mukhya nau grah hain- budh, shukra, prithvi, mangal, guru, shani, yurenas, naipchyun aur pluto. in grahon men se pratham chah grah budh, shukra, prithvi, mangal, guru aur shani ki jankari manushya ko pahle se hi thi lekin khagol shastriyon ne apni khoj aur anusandhanon ke adhar par vartaman kal men tin anya grahon ko bhi khoj nikala. yurenas ki khoj san 1781 i. men sar harshal ne ki thi. islie ise harshal ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. nepchyun ki khoj san 1846 i. men jan gal v henrich-draarest ne ki thi. pluto ki khoj san 1930 men klaid tanbo ne ki thi. pahle yah avdharna thi ki brahmand ke kendra men prithvi hai aur sabhi khagoliya pind prithvi ke charon or parikrama karte hain. parantu arya bhatt pratham ne chathi shatabdi ke praranbh men pahli bar prithvi ke surya ki parikrama men hone ki bat kahi. lekin aitihasik taur par is khoj ka shrey kaprnikas (san 1543) i. ko diya jata hai jisne prithvi ke brahmand ka kendra hone ke siddhant ko chunauti di. kaprnies ka sabhi dharmon ne virodh kiya aur uske is siddhant ko manne se inkar kar diya. iska sarvadhik virodh roman kaitholik charch virodh kiya tha. khagol shastri gaililiyo ne kapar nikas ke is siddhant ka samarthan kiya islie unhen apne jivan ke antim varsh jel men bitane pare. grahon ki kakshaon ke bare men bhi kai siddhant rahe hain. lekin johens-kepalar ne 17vin shatabdi men grahon ki kakshaon ke rahasya ko spasht kar jo siddhant die ve aj bhi manya hain. sabhi grahon ki kakshaen ek hi tal men nahin hain. ye kakshaen vrittakar nahin balki dirghavrittakar hain. prithvi ki kaksha se bhachakra ka tal nirmit hota hai aur anya grahon ki kakshaon ke tal isse kuch jhuke hue hain. saur mandal ko grahon ki duriyon ke adhar par do bhagon men banta gaya hain jinhen antrik aur bahri saur mandal kaha jata hai. budh shukra, prithvi aur mangal antrik saur mandal ke aur guru, shani, yurenas, nepchyun aur pluto bahri saur mandal ke grah mane gae hain. lekin jab ham prithvi se in grahon ki duriyon ko dekhte hain to jin grahon ki kaksha surya aur prithvi ke madhya men rahti hai unhen antah ya antrik grah kaha jata hai. budh aur shukra aisi hi grah hain. isi tarah jin grahon ki kaksha prithvi ki kaksha se bahar hai unhen bahri ya bahya grah kaha jata hai. mangal, guru, shani, yurenas, nepchyun aur pluto bahya hain.
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