tithirvarashch nakshatra yogah karan mev ch. eteshan yatra vigyanan panchang tannigadyate.. tithi, var, nakshatra, yog aur karan ki jankari jismen milti ho, usi ka nam panchanag hai. panchang apne pramukh panch angon ke atirikt hamara aur bhi anek baton se parichay karata hai. jaise grahon ka udyast, unki gochar sthiti, unka vakri aur margi hona adi. panchang desh men hone vale vratotsavon, melon, dashhra adi ka gyan karata hai. islie panchang ka nirman sarvabhaum drishtikon ke adhar par kiya jata hai.
kal ke shubhashubhatva ka yatharth gyan bhi panchang se hi hota hai. sath hi ismen mausam ke sath-sath bajar men teji tatha mandi ki sthiti ka ullekh bhi rahta hai. jyotishgnit ke adhar par nirmit pratishthit panchangon men sanbhavit grahnon tatha vibhinn yogon ka vivaran rahta hai. ek achche panchang men vivah muhurt, yagyaopvit, karnavedh, griharanbh, devapratishtha, vyapar, vahan kray, lene-den tatha anyanya muhurt aur samay shuddhi, akashiya parishad men grahon ke chunav adi ka ullekh bhi hota hai.
panchang ka sarvapratham nirman kab aur kahan hua yah kahna kathin hai. lekin kaha jata hai ki iska nirman sarvapratham bhagvan brahma ne kiya- siddhant sahita horarup skandhatrayatmakam. vedasya nirmal chakshu yotishshastramakalmasham.. vinaitdakhilan shrautan smartan karm n siddhayati. tasmajjagadvitayedan brahmana nirmitan pura.. satyug ke ant men surya siddhant ki rachna bhagvan surya ke adeshanusar hui thi, jismen kalgnna ka bahut hi sundar aur satik varnan milta hai.
kal ki vyakhya karte hue suryanshpurush ne kaha hai- lokanamantkritkal kalo'nya kalnatmakah. s dvidha sthulsukshmatvanmutrtashchamurt uchyate.. ek kal lokon ka antkari arthat anadi hai aur dusra kal kalnatmak gyan (ganna) karne yogya hai. khand kal bhi sthul aur sukshm ke bhed se murt aur amurt rup men do prakar ka hota hai. trutyadi ki amurt sangya ganna men nahin ati. pranadi murtakal ko sabhi ganna men lete hain.
6 pran ka ek pal, 60 palon ki ek ghati aur 60 ghatiyon ka ek ahoratra hota hai. ek din ko prakritik ikai mana gaya. grah gannarth prakritik ikai ko ahargan ke nam se jana jata hai. surya siddhant, parasar siddhant, arya siddhant, brahm siddhant, brahmagupt siddhant, saur paksh siddhant, grah laghav, makrandgnit adi ke rachnakaron ke apne-apne ahargan hain. shake 1800 men ketkrji ne bhartiya tatha videshi grah ganna ka tulnatmak adhyayan kar ek nae siddhant ka pratipadan kiya, jise sukshm drishya ganit ke nam se jana jata hai.
sabhi siddhant granthon men apne-apne dhang se grah ganna karne ki vidhiyan likhi hain. kintu inmen paraspar matbhed hai. shastrasammat shuddh panchang ganna ka mukhya adhar grah ganna hi hai. vartaman samay men adhikansh panchang sukshm drishya ganit ke adhar par banae jate hain. tithi spasht karne ki vidhi arkon chandra liptabhyastayeya bhog bhajitaah. gatagamyashch shashtighra nadiyau bhuktayantroddhataah.. jis din tithi spasht karni ho, us din spashtarkoday spasht chandra men se spasht surya ko ghata den. shesh ko rashyadi ke kala banakar 720 se bhag den, shesh bachi sankhya ke anusar gat tithi hogi. shesh ko gat mana hai, jise 720 men se ghatane par gamya hota hai.
gamya ko 60 se guna karen. gunanafal ko surya aur chandra ki gatiyon ke antar se bhag dene par vartaman tithi ka ghati-pal sunishchit ho jata hai. ghati-pal ko ghanta-minat men parivartit karne ke lie sanskar karne parte hain. nakshatra spasht karne ki vidhi bhagogo'shtashati liptaah khashvishailastatha tithauah. grahlipta bhabhogapta bhani bhukatya dinadikam.. nakshatra bhog 800 kala manya hai. jis din nakshatra spasht karna ho, us din spasht chandra ki sarvakalaon men 800 ka bhag den, bhagafal gat nakshatra hoga. shesh gat kaha jata hai.
us gat ko 800 men se ghatane par gamya kahlata hai. gamya ko 60 se gunakar chandra ki gati se bhag karne par ghati-pal sunishchit ho jate hain. yog spasht karne ki vidhi ravindu yogliptabhyo yoga bhagog bhajitaah. gata gamyashch shashtaghra bhuktiyogapt nadikaah.. jis din yog janna ho, us din spasht surya aur chandra ki kul kalaon men 800 ka bhag den, labdhank gat yog hoga. shesh gat kaha jata hai, jise 800 men se ghatane par gamya ho jata hai. gamya ko 60 se gunakar surya aur chandra gati yog se bhag karne par ghati-pal nishchit ho jate hain.
karan spasht karne ki vidhi tithi ke adhe man ko karan kahte hain. karan gyarah hote hain- bav, balav, kaulav, taitil, gar, vanij aur vishti, shakuni, chatushpad, nag aur kinstughn. vishti karan ka hi nam bhadra hota hai. chandra aur saur mas chandra mas 30 tithiyon ka hota hai, jiski ganna amant kal se ki jati hai. saur mas meshadi sankrantiyon men surya bhraman ke anurup sunishchit kie jate hain.
navdha kal man brahnan daivan manorman paitrayan sauranch savanam. nakshatranch tatha chadran jaivan manani vai nav.. brahn, dev, manav, paitrya, saur, savan, nakshatra, chandra aur barhaspatya ye 9 prakar ke man hote hain. lok vyavhararth man panchbhivryavharah syat saurchandrakrsh savnaiah. barhaspatyen matryanan nanya manen sarvada.. lok vyavhar men keval saur, chandra, nakshatra, savan aur barhaspatya ye panch man hi manya hain.
prabhvadyabd manetu barhaspatyan prakirtitam. etachchurddhi vilaukyaiv budhah karm samarbhet.. yagya aur vivahadi men saur man, sutkadi men ahoratra, gannarth savan, ghati-pal adi kal gyanarth nakshatra, pitrikarm men chandra (tithi aur prabhavadi sanvatsar gannarth barhaspatya man prayog men laya jata hai. utkrisht panchangon men upar varnit sabhi vishyon ka shodhoprant samavesh kiya jata hai. atah shubh falon ki prapti aur ashubh falon se bachav ke lie aise hi panchangon ka upyog karna chahie.