prashna: ratn ki paribhasha kya hai athva ratn kise kahte hain?
uttara: samanyatah ratn prakritik rup men pae jane vale pashan khandon ke un chote-chote anshon ko kahte hain, jo apni durlabhta, chamak, banavat adi ke karan bahumulya samjhe jate hain. sanskrit sahitya men ‘ratna’ shabd ka prayog mulyavan vastuon evan bahumulya javahrat ke lie hua hai.
prashna: ratn aur mani ek dusre ke paryay hain ya unmen kuch bhed hai?
uttara: lok vyavhar men prayah ratn aur maniyon ko ek dusre ka paryay hi man liya gaya hai, tathapi rigved men mani se tatparya tabij ki bhanti pahne jane vale ratn se hai. vajsneyi sanhita ke anusar mani dhage men pirokar pahni jati thi. samanyatah maniyan golakar hoti hain. islie golakriti vali anek vastuon ke namon ke sath ‘mani’ shabd bhi jora jane laga yatha ‘dinmni’, prakashmni. ‘mani’ ka anya prayog bhi milta hai. jaise tamilnadu ki ek nadi ka nam ‘manimutaru’ arthat mani-moti nadi hai. shrilanka men bhi ek nadi ka nam hai- maniganga. in nadiyon men avashya hi kabhi maniyan arthat ratn prapt hote honge. chunki ratnadi dharti se milte hain, dharti ko bhi ‘ratnagarbha’ ya ‘manigarbha’ kaha gaya hai. amrkosh men dharti ke lie ‘ratnagarbha’ shabd ka bhi istemal hua hai.
prashna: ratnon ki utpatti kaise hoti hai?
uttara: yadi ham chattanon ki rachna ke vishay men jan len to ratnon ki utpatti ki pechidgi bhi asani men samajh a jaegi kyonki chattanon ki rachna se khanijon ki nirmiti ka gahra sanbandh hai aur ratn, kuch ko chorakar, khanij hi hain. vastutah chattanon ko khanijon ka ghanibhut samuh ya thos rup hi kaha ja sakta hai. suvidha ke lie chattanon ko tin mukhya shreniyon men vibhajit kiya gaya hai. vibhajan ka adhar unki rachna-prakriya hi hai. ye shreniyan hain, igniyas, metamaerfik aur sedimentri. igniyas ka paryayvachi shabd maigma hai. maigma ek pighla hua siliket padarth hai, jo taral rup men hota hai aur jismen pani ke sath-sath hadadroflorik esid, karban dai aeksaid adi rahte hain.
yah pighla hua padarth prithvi ki ‘krasta’ arthat parat men hota hai. yah mana jata hai ki dharti ke kuch sthanon par yah pighla hua padarth maujud hai. yah jvalamukhiyon se lava ke rup men bahar ata hai. lekin age niklne ki rah n hone par yah manibh ya kristilin chattanon ka rup dharne lagta hai. manibhikaran arthat ‘kristalaijeshn’ ki prakriya ke karan yah taral padarth ekatra hota rahta hai. nirantar vriddhi ek dabav ko janm deti hai aur usse vishisht visheshtaon vala taral ban jata hai, jo gais ki tarah sachal lekin jal ki tarah ghana hota hai.
yah taral padarth aspas ki chattanon men pravesh karne lagta hai aur unke sanpark se usmen kuch rasaynik parivartan hote hain, arthat vah kuch tattva chattanon ko saunpta hai, aur kuch tattva unse grahan karta hai. thanda hone ki is prakriya men vah garm jal se gujrta hai, uske rasaynik tattvon ka usmen samavesh ho jata hai. iske falasvarup kabhi atyant sundar manibhon ki rachna ho jati hai.
prashna: ratna-rang-birange kyon hote hain?
kisi bhi ratn ke bhitar maujud aeksaid hi use vishisht rang pradan karta hai jaise kromiyam aeksaid se lal rang, alyuminiyam aeksaid se hara rang. taiteniyam aeksaid se nila rang evan lauh-aeksaid se pila rang jhalkta hai, kyonki ye aeksaid inhin rangon ke hote hain. bahar ka prakash ratn men pravisht ho bikharakar, rang-vishesh ko chamka deta hai.
prathm: manibh arthat kristal ka kya arth hai?
uttara: ve ratniya patthar jo chattan ki dararon ya chidron men chipke rahte hain, manibh ya kristal kahe jate hain. ratnon aur manibhon men ek mukhya antar yah hai ki ratn jahan anagarh hote hain, vahin manibh ya kristal ek nishchit akar, chikni satah ke sath-sath ek nishchit antrik banavat vale patthar hote hain, jinka bahya rup unke antrik rup ki hi anukriti hota hai arthat ek bare manibh men lakhon chote-chote manibh ek nishchit akar ke milenge ya yon kahen ki ek jaise lakhon chote-chote manibh ek bare manibh ki rachna karte hain.
manibhon men ek sima tak samrupta hoti hai, jo inmen nihit anuon ki vyavastha par nirbhar karti hai. unki yah samrupta battis vargon men vibhajit ki gayi lekin bad men inhen samanta ke adhar par sat manibh paddhatiyon men banta gaya hai. akar ke adhar par vibhajit manibhon ki sat paddhatiyan hain- ghan-kyubik sistam, chatushfalak paddhati-tretagonal sistam, shatbhujiya paddhati-heksagonal sistam, sam chaturbhuj paddhati -rombik sistam, ek padi paddhati-monoklinik sistam tatha tripda paddhati -traiklinik sistam.
prashna: kya kritrim ratn prakritik ratnon ki bhanti hi mulyavan, upyogi aur sundar hote hain?
uttara: kritrim ratn mulyavan to nahin hote, han, ve sundar aur upyogi avashya hote hain.
prashna: ratnon ke prakashiya gun se kya tatparya hai? unka kya upyog hota hai?
uttara: ratnon ke prakashiya gun ko ‘aeptikal propartij’ ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. kuch ratn paradarshi hote hain, kuch aparadarshi aur kuch men in donon gunon ka sammishran hota hai. kuch ratn prakash paravartit karte hain. yah paravartan anek dharaon ya rashmiyon men ho sakta hai. kuch ratn prakash parte hi daidipyaman ho uthte hain aur kuch yathavat rahte hain. unke daidipyaman hone ki kshamata ya uske abhav ko hi ratnon ka prakashiya gun samjha ja sakta hai. ek prakar se ratn manibh hi hain atah unki sanrchna bhi manibhiya hoti hai. ise ‘kristal faermeshn’ bhi kaha jata hai.
manibhiya sanrchna hone ke karan ratnon par prakash ka sahaj hi jyada asar parta hai. ham jante hain ki surya prakash men arthat kirnon men sat rang hote hain- lal, narangi, pila, hara, nila, asmani aur baingni. varsha ritu men indradhnush inhin saton rangon ko darshata hai. ek ‘prijma’ par prakash dalne se bhi ye saton rang prithk-prithak najar ane lagte hain. ratnon ki pahchan men iska arthat prakashiya gun ka behad mahattva hai. is gun ki parakh ke lie rifraiktomitar namak ek upakaran ki sahayta li jati hai.
prashna: ratn ki katai ka arth kya hai?
uttara: jaisa ki ham jante hain ki mul rup men kimti patthar anagarh rup men milte hain. in pattharon ki katai unhen ek vishisht akar dene tatha unki chamak aur unke rang ko aur nikharne ke lie ki jati hai. vastutah iske bad hi unhen ‘ratna’ nam bhi milta hai aur ve abhushnon men jarne yogya ban jate hain. ratnon ka rup lene vale anagarh kimti pattharon ki katai men behad savdhani barti jati hai. unki kathorta, unke klivej arthat chirav ya darar bhi vishesh dhyan diya jata hai.
prashna: chirav ya darar se kya tatparya hai?
uttara: chirav ya darar ka arth apne ap men spasht hai tathapi suvidha ke lie yah batana prasangik hoga ki ratnon ke kate jane ke bad unki sathen chikni rahen, islie yah dekha jata hai ki ratna-vishesh men kahan se use tora ya kata ja sakta hai taki uski sathen samrup arthat chikni rahen. manibhon ki charcha karte hue hamne pahle bataya hai ki manibhon ke anuon ki sanrchna ke karan unmen ek samrupta (simetri) hoti hai. aisi battis samruptaon ka anuman kiya gaya hai tathapi suvidha ke lie unhen sat vargon men banta gaya hai.
prashna: katai ka mahattva kya hai?
uttara: purane jamane men adhikansh ratniya pattharon ka unke prakritik pahluon vale manibh rup men istemal kiya jata tha. jyada se jyada unhen golakar dekar chamka liya jata tha. french bhasha ka ek shabd hai- keboke, jiska arth sir hota hai. chunki ratn ke upri bhag ko sir jaisa hi gol rakhne ke lie katai ki jati thi, atah is katai ya kat ka nam ‘kebokon’ katai rakh diya gaya. ajakal kebokon katai simit paradarshita vale pattharon men hi istemal ki jati hai. mulyavan pattharon ki vakrakar ya gol satah unki kuch khas vishishtataon ko ujagar kar deti hai atah patthar ki aisi satah banane ke lie bhi yah katai ki jati hai.
gat tin sau varshon se bahumulya pattharon men kai pahlu banane vali katai ka prachalan barha hai. yah katai paradarshi pattharon ki khubsurti ko behatar darshati hai. iska karan yah hai ki prakash ratn ke upri pahluon ke sath-sath usmen arthat ratn men pravesh kar uske nichle pahluon men bhi parilakshit hota hai. is tarah ki kat hire ki visheshtaon ko unki samagrata se prastut karti hai. hire men n keval prakash-paravartan varan us prakash ko indradhnushi dharaon men bhi pratibinbit karne ki kshamata hoti hai. yah katai hire ke isi gun ko samne lati hai.