krishn paksh pratipda se amavasya paryant pitripaksh men shraddh, tarpan, panchmhayagya adi ka vidhan hai. hindu dharm granthon men shraddh adi ka vivechan atyant vistar ke sath kiya gaya hai. shraddh ki mulbhut vivechna yah hai ki pret aur pitar ke nimitt unki atm tripti ke lie shraddhapurvak jo arpit kiya jae vah shraddh hai. shraddhaya diyatetat shraddham.
mrityu ke bad dashgatra aur shodshi sapindan tak mrit vyakti ki pret sangya rahti hai. sapindan ke uprant vah pitron men sammilit ho jata hai. shatapath brahman men kaha gaya hai ki varsh ki basant, grishm aur varsha devtaon ki aur sharad, hemant aur shishir rituen pitron ki hoti hain. hamara ek mah pitron ke lie ek din mana jata hai. pitri lok ki drishti se hamare 15 din unka ek din hota hai aur baki 15 din unki ek ratri hoti hai. shukla paksh ki ashtami se krishn paksh ki ashtami tak pitron ka ek din hota hai.
isi avdhi ke bich men amavasya parti hai jo pitron ke lie din ka madhya bhag hai. ataev prati amavasya ko madhyahn men shraddhakarm karne ka vidhan hai. ise ‘darsh shraddha’ kahte hain. shraddh ya pitron ki aradhna do prakar se ho sakti hai. ek til arpan arthat jal ke sath til milakar pitron ke nam se jal chorna. isi ko tilanjli kahte hain.
dusre prakar ka shraddh havan karm ke sath hota hai. pitron ke lie havan kund men ann, ghi adi vastuen mantrochcharan samet dali jati hain. ise parvan shraddh kahte hain. isi avasar par brahmanon ko pitron ke nam se bhojan karaya jata hai. prativarsh 13 aise sandarbh ate hain jinmen pitron ka shraddh karne ke lie kaha gaya hai. ye samay hain - pratimas ki amavasya, ek rashi se dusri rashi men surya sankranti ka din, surya grahan athva chandra grahan ka samay aur magh mas krishn paksh ki ashtami ka din.
isi tarah ke 13 avasar batae gae hain. inmen pitri paksh ka mahatva adhik hai. pitri paksh men surya kanya rashi ke dasven ansh (100) par ata hai aur vahan se tula rashi ki or barhta hai. ise kanyagat surya kahte hain. jab surya kanyagat ho to us samay pitron ka shraddh karna atyadhik mahatvapurn kaha gaya hai.
pitri paksh men ‘gajchaya’ namak ek samay ata hai. jab surya hast nakshatra par aur chandra magha nakshatra par chal raha ho to us samay ko gajchaya kahte hain. yah ashvin mas ke krishnapaksh ki trayodshi ko hota hai. aise samay men shraddhakarm karne ki bari mahima kahi gai hai. vasu, rudra aur aditya shraddh devta hain.
hamare shraddhakarm se ve tript hokar manushyon ke pitron ko bhi tript karte hain. manushya ki atma kahin bhi ho, kisi bhi lok men athva kisi bhi yoni men ho, vahan tak manushya ke dvara kie gae pinddan ko pahuncha dete hain. yagyavalkya ka kathan hai ki shraddh devta shraddhakarta ko dirgh jivan, agyakari santan, dhan, vidya, sansar ke sukh bhog, svarg tatha durlabh moksh bhi pradan karte hain.
shraddh kisi dusre ke ghar men kabhi nahin karna chahie, jis bhumi par kisi vyakti ka svamitva n ho us bhumi par shraddh kiya ja sakta hai. shastron men ullekh hai ki dusre ke ghar men jo shraddh kiya jata hai usse shraddh karne vale ke pitron ko kuch nahin prapt hota. islie tirth men kie gae shraddh se ath guna punya apne ghar men shraddh karne se hota hai. tirthadashtagunan punyan svagrihe dadtah shubhe.
yadi kisi vivshta ke karan dusre ke ghar athva bhumi par shraddh karm karne ki majburi ho to shraddh se purva us sthan ka kiraya avashya de den. shraddh ka pravdhan madhyahn kal men hai. pratah athva sayankal shraddh nahin karna chahie. vaidik chintan ke anusar is srishti ke parichalan men dev, rishi aur pitar apne-apne dhang se karya karte hain.
brahma, rudra, indra adi dev hain; srishti, sthiti, shringar adi kriyaen unke dvara prakat hoti hain. agni, som, prajapti, adi rishi hain, ved mantron ke drashta hain. vashishth, vishvamitra adi maharshi, saptarishi kahlae hain. in rishiyon ke prabhav se jagat men gyan ka prakashan hota raha hai.
pitrigan manushya ke sharir ke nirman men yog dene vale hain. inke prati adar aur samman prakat karna hamara kartavya hai. pitri paksh ke pratyek din shraddh karna chahie. samanya rup se til arpan ke dva ara ise sanpann kiya ja sakta hai.
lekin jis tithi ko mata ya pita ka dehavsan hua ho, us tithi ko vishesh rup se shraddhakarm karna chahie. vedon ke pashchat hamare smritikaron tatha dharmacharyon ne shraddh sanbandhi vishyon ko bahut adhik vyapak banate hue jivan ke pratyek ang ke sath sanbaddh kiya jo vastav men dharm hetu hi hai.
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