bhartiya sabhyata evan sanskriti ki garima ke pratik parva-tyauharon ke sanbandh men kai bar matantar ho jane se parva-tyauharon ki tithiyon evan tarikhon ke bare men bhrantiyan utpann ho jati hain. falasvarup, dharm parayan logon ke man men kai prakar ki shankaen paida hone lagti hain, jisse unki shraddha evan astha ko bhi thes pahunchti hai. adhisankhya logon ko parva-tyoharon evan chuttiyan sanbandhi jankari alg-alag pranton se chapne vale jantri/panchangon, samacharapatra, patrika, kailendar, dayriyan, tithipatra, rediyo, telivijan adi sanchar sadhnon dvara prapt hoti hai. kendriya evan prantiya sarkaron dvara udghoshit parva-tyoharon evan sarkari chuttiyon ki ghoshna rashtriya kailendar samiti dvara, prastavit suchi ke anusar, ki jati hai.
inmen rashtriya star ke parva, jaise 15 agast, 26 janvri, 2 aktubar adi chuttiyon ki tarikhon ke sanbandh men to koi matbhed nahin hota hai, parantu hinduon ke dharmik parva-tyoharon ki tarikhon ke sanbandh men kai bar matantar ki sthiti utpann ho jati hai. parva-tyoharon ki tarikhon men bhinnata ke kuch karan ullekhniya hain:
1. desh men chapne vali vibhinn jantri/panchangon ki tithyadi panchang ganit men antar.
2. parva-tyoharon ke sanbandh men katipay kailendron, patrikaon adi men chapne vali apusht jankari.
3. prachin acharyon ke vachnon men ekrupta ka abhav.
4. vibhinn pranton ke suryoday, chandroday, astadi men antar.
5. kuch dharmik sanpradayon men matantar hona.
6. sarkari tantra ka prabhav.
prastut lekh men main pratham karan ka hi vishesh rup se vivechan karna chahunga. anya 5 karan to pratyakshatah tathyadharit hain. tithyadi panchang ganit men antr: desh men chapne vali vibhinn prakar ke panchang/jantriyon, kailendro/dayriyon ityadi men tithyadi ke man men kai bar bhari antar paya jata hai. vishesh kar apramanik evan astariya panchang ganit ko adhar man kar chapne vali jantriyon, panchangon, dayriyon athva kailandron men tithi/nakshatron evan parva-tyoharon sanbandhi tithiyon men bhari visangtiyan evan ashuddhiyan payi jati hanai. upalabdh jankari ke anusar bharatavarsh men ajakal prativarsh lagabhag 150 panchang/jantriyan chap rahe hain. tithi-kailendron ki sankhya to isse bhi adhik hi hogi. inmen adhikansh adhunik panchangakarta chitra pakshiya drik ganitadharit nirayan panchang ki ganna anusar panchang ganit karte hain.
yah ganit, shastra anumodit hone ke sath-sath, pratyakshatah drishya hone se vigyan sammat bhi hai. adhunik sukshm sanskaron par adharit kanpyutar prakriya dvara taiyar kiye jane vale panchangon ke tithi, nakshatra, yog, grah ka rashi sanchar,, bhogansh, surya-chandrodyastadi tatha kanpyutrikrit vistrit janmapatri ki rachna bhi bhartiya drigganit paddhati dvara hi ki jati hai. yah atyant khed ka vishay hai ki desh ke kuch panchangkar prachinta ke mohavash avaigyanik evan ashuddh panchang ganit ka ashray le rahe hain. unke is kritya se parva-tyoharon ki tarikhon men prativarsh kahin n kahin bhed utpann ho jata hai, jisse samanya logon men bhrantiyan paida hoti hain. aitihasik pariprekshya: aj se lagabhag 90 varsh, purva bharatavarsh men adhisankhya panchangakarta pauranik siddhant granthon men pratipadit sutron ke anusar tithyadi, panchang ganit ka kasht sadhya karya karte the. vibhinn sthaniya panchangon ke tithyadi man men bhi antar rahte the.
19vin shatabdi men nabhikiya vigyan evan ganitiya kshetron men, uttarotar unnati ke sath-sath, suryadi grahon ki gatyadi ke sanbandh men bhi anek sanshodhnatmak prayas hue hain. udaharanasvarup surya siddhant dvara pratipadit varshaman tatha adhunik vedhsiddh anusandhan dvara pramanit varshaman men 8 palon evan 37 viplon, arthat lagabhag 3) minton ka antar prativarsh rahta hai, jis karan prachin surya siddhantiya varsh pravesh sarini tatha adhunik vedhsiddh sukshm sarini dvara varsh lagnon men antar a jana svabhavik hi hai. adhunik kanpyutron dvara nirmit varsh kundliyan bhi navin vedhsiddh sanshodhit siddhant ki paripushti karti hain. manvkrit gyan prashakha ke pratyek kshetra men, yug evan paristhitiyon ke anusar, sudhar evan yathochit sanskaron ki sanbhavna rahti hai.
ganit jyotish ke kshetra men bhi samay ke bhed evan kal gati ke bhed se grahon ke ganit men thora-thora antar parta jata hai. is sanbandh men bhartiya ganitacharya evan vidvanon ne bhi panchang ganit ki prakriya men vedhsiddh driktulya sanshodhan kar ke bhartiya panchang paddhati ko vaigyanik drishtikon diya hai. inmen pan. sudhakar dvivedi, pan. bapudev shastri, lokmanya tilak, pan. venktesh ketarakar, pan. keropant adi vidvanon ke nam vishesh taur par ullekhniya hain. unke matanusar bhi surya chandradi grahon ka sanchar, tithi, nakshatra adi ka bhogya kal driktulya hona hi shreshth aur shastrasammat hain.
is sanbandh men shastra se praman uddhrit kiye jate hain, jaise: tebhyah syad grahnadi driksamamiman prokta maya sa tithiah. grahya mangl-dharm nirnaya vidhavesha yato drik sama.. anye'pi- yasmin pakshe yen kale drishyate ganitaikyakam ten pakshen te karya grahastat samyodbhavaah.. siddhant shiromni, varah, narad, vishnu adi puranon men bhi surya, chandrama ko driktulya spasht kar ke driktithiyon dvara hi dharmik muhurton evan parva-tyoharon ka nirnay karna shastrasammat mana gaya hai. aj ke vaigyanik yug men panchang ganit men tithiyon, nakshatron evan surya-chandradi grahon ki sanchar gati ke sanbandh men dhanton evan dinon ka antar parna atyant ashcharya ki bat hai tatha ek akshamya apradh bhi kaha ja sakta hai.
tithiyon ke anshatmak antar ko adhunik vedhsiddh yantron dvara ghanta-mintatmak sukshm rup se pramanit kiya ja sakta hai. isi karan sukshm drikganit dvara nirmit bharat ki kisi bhi manak panchang men diye gaye purnima adi tithi ke man, bhartiya manak samay men vishva ke kisi bhi desh ke manak antar ka sanskar kar ke, tithi ka manak man abhisht desh ke samay men jan sakte hain. udaharanasvarup panchang divakar (2060) ke panchang men 6 march, 2004 ko purnima sama. ke ghanta-minat, 28-45 men se yadi 5 ghan. 30 mi. ghata deven, to hamen briten ke manak samay men 23 ghan. 15 minat par purnima samapti samay prapt hoga. aise hamne rafels ki estraenomikal efemeris 2004 se bahut si tithiyon ka milan kar ke dekha hai.
dhyan rahe, yah aifemeris grinivich vedhshala ke driktulya siddhanton ke anusar nirmit hoti hai. likhne ka tattparya hai ki jo panchang ganit sarvabhaumik grahan ki jati hai, jis driktulya sukshm ganit ko bharat sarkar ke tattvadhan men 13 bhashaon men chapne vali rashtriya panchang ne manyata di hai, en. si. lahri, kalakatta, banbai(mharashtra), madhyapradesh, uttarapradesh (varansi), rajasthan, dilli, panjab, hariyana adi se chapne vali anek murdhanya evan panchangkaron ne bhi jis driktulya panchang ganit ko shreshth, pramanik evan shastrasammat svikara hai, in sabhi tathyon ki andekhi karte hue ab bhi kuch pandit mahoday apratyaksh evan sthul ganit ko, divya drishti ka arsh ganit batla kar, makrand karan kutuhal, surya siddhant, grah laghav adi ke sutron ke adhar par, agyantavash prachin evan trutipurn panchang tatha gita pres, gorkhpur dvara pranit gita tithi patra san 2003 i. men dekhne ko milta hai.
inmen tithi, nakshatron ke man men 5-5 ghanton ke antar anek sthalon par pae jate hain. udahrntah 21 march, 2003 ko rashtriya panchang men tritiya tithi pratah 5.54 baje tak hai, jabki gita pres, gorkhpur ke tithi kailendar men yah tithi pratah 9.46 baje tak vyapt hai; arthat 4 ghante, 02 minat ka antar hai. 13 aktubar 2003 ko tritiya tithi men 19.45 ghan. mi. tak hai, jabki gita pres valon ne 17-8 tak ki tritiya likhi hai tatha karva chaith vrat bhi isi din likha hai, jo ki manak ganitanusar ashuddh banta hai. rashtriya panchang men 14 aktubar ko kartik krishn chaturthi ka man 22-27 ghan. mi. diya gaya hai, jabki gita pres men chaturthi ka man 19.14 ghan. mi. likha gaya hai.
is prakar tithi men 3 ghante, 13 minat ka antar hai. dhyan rahe, sare bharat men karva chaith ka parva adhikanshtah 14 aktubar ko hi manaya gaya tha. parantu kuch mahilaon ne gita sharad nav ratri, jo pratipda ke kshay ke karan 26 sitanbar ko samast bharat men manaya gaya, gita pres ke tithi kailendar evan dayriyon men trutipurn ganit ke karan 26 ki apeksha 27 sitanbar ko darshaye gaye hain. isse anek dharmaparayan logon ko mithyabhranti ka shikar hona para. parva-tyoharon ke sanbandh men aise hi anek udaharan bhare pare hain. kai bar sarkari kshetra dvara bhi, kisi sanpraday vishesh se prabhavit ho kar, kisi parva-tyohar sanbandhi chutti kar dene se samanya log bhramit hote hain.
udaharanasvarup shri krishn janmashtami ke vrat, jap adi ke nimitt adhisankhya shastrakaron ne arddh ratri vyapini bhadra krishn ashtami tithi, rohini grahya mana hai. parantu bharat sarkar, prayah prabhavavash, uday kalik ashtami ki hi udghoshna karti hai. is prakar dharmaparayan log sanshay men par jate hain. dharmik sansthaon se anurodh hai ki vah uparyukt bhrammulak paristhitiyon ka nirakaran karne ka prayas karen, jisse dharmik logon men parva-tyoharon ki tithiyon ke sanbandh men shanka utpann n ho.